{"id":5467,"date":"2024-11-29T08:26:00","date_gmt":"2024-11-29T07:26:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.gxglegal.com\/2024\/11\/29\/shareholders-resolution-to-liquidate-a-company-with-suspensive-effect-as-of-the-date-of-a-shareholders-death\/"},"modified":"2026-08-29T17:06:57","modified_gmt":"2026-08-29T15:06:57","slug":"shareholders-resolution-to-liquidate-a-company-with-suspensive-effect-as-of-the-date-of-a-shareholders-death","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.gxglegal.com\/en\/2024\/11\/29\/shareholders-resolution-to-liquidate-a-company-with-suspensive-effect-as-of-the-date-of-a-shareholders-death\/","title":{"rendered":"Shareholders\u2019 resolution to liquidate a company with suspensive effect as of the date of a shareholder\u2019s death"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"et_pb_section_0 et_pb_section et_section_regular et_flex_section\">\n<div class=\"et_pb_row_0 et_pb_row et_flex_row\">\n<div class=\"et_pb_column_0 et_pb_column et-last-child et_flex_column et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et_flex_column_24_24 et_flex_column_24_24_tablet et_flex_column_24_24_phone\">\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_0 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_flex_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\">\n<div data-breakout=\"normal\">\n<p class=\"I0kxX k6as0 _4uDy1 _1JW6K\" dir=\"auto\" id=\"viewer-foo\"><span class=\"HXJuz _4uDy1\"><span>The dissolution of a limited liability company (GmbH) often involves complex legal issues. A particular case is dissolution by shareholders\u2019 resolution that is linked to the death of a shareholder. This scenario arises particularly frequently in owner-managed GmbHs. The key question is how such a resolution is to be classified legally and whether it is valid. Two central interpretations are under discussion:    <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div type=\"empty-line\" data-hook=\"rcv-block2\"><span class=\"HXJuz _4uDy1\" style=\"color: color(srgb 0.0862745 0.0627451 0.0588235 \/ 0.85); font-size: 18px;\"><span class=\"HXJuz _4uDy1\" style=\"color: color(srgb 0.0862745 0.0627451 0.0588235 \/ 0.85); font-size: 18px;\"><br \/>1. <strong>Genuine dissolution resolution subject to a suspensive condition<\/strong>: This could be a dissolution resolution within the meaning of Section 60(1) no. 2 GmbHG, which is merely subject to a suspensive condition (the death of a shareholder). <\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div type=\"empty-line\" data-hook=\"rcv-block2\">\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>2.<strong> Fixed term of the company<\/strong>: It could be a resolution amending the articles of association that causes or changes a fixed term of the company. This would mean that, pursuant to Section 3(2) GmbHG, an amendment to the articles of association would be required. As a limitation to a certain period within the meaning of Section 3(2) GmbHG, anything that meets the requirements for a fixed term under general principles of civil law may be considered. In addition, under the objective standard of interpretation for provisions of the articles of association, it must be defined with sufficient precision and clarity.     <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div type=\"empty-line\" data-hook=\"rcv-block2\"><span style=\"font-size: 18px; color: color(srgb 0.0862745 0.0627451 0.0588235 \/ 0.85);\"><\/span><\/div>\n<div type=\"empty-line\" data-hook=\"rcv-block2\"><span style=\"font-size: 18px; color: color(srgb 0.0862745 0.0627451 0.0588235 \/ 0.85);\"><\/span><\/div>\n<div data-breakout=\"normal\">\n<p class=\"I0kxX k6as0 _4uDy1 _1JW6K\" dir=\"auto\" id=\"viewer-iu0s16687\"><span class=\"HXJuz _4uDy1\"><span>This distinction is of considerable importance, as it affects the formal requirements for the resolution. Under general principles of civil law, a condition differs from a fixed term depending on whether the occurrence is uncertain (condition) or whether its occurrence is certain and only the exact time of occurrence is uncertain (<\/span><em><span>Lindow<\/span><\/em><span>, in: BeckOGK, May 1, 2024, GmbHG Section 3 para. 153). <\/span> <\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div type=\"paragraph\" data-hook=\"rcv-block4\"><\/div>\n<div data-breakout=\"normal\">\n<div class=\"I0kxX k6as0 VgR8W _1JW6K\" dir=\"auto\" id=\"viewer-e42so\"><span class=\"HXJuz\"> <\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div type=\"empty-line\" data-hook=\"rcv-block5\"><\/div>\n<div data-breakout=\"normal\">\n<p class=\"I0kxX k6as0 VgR8W _1JW6K\" dir=\"auto\" id=\"viewer-e3409391\"><span class=\"HXJuz\"><strong><span>Time limitation in the articles of association<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div type=\"paragraph\" data-hook=\"rcv-block6\"><\/div>\n<div data-breakout=\"normal\">\n<p class=\"I0kxX k6as0 _4uDy1 _1JW6K\" dir=\"auto\" id=\"viewer-35sk0\"><span class=\"HXJuz _4uDy1\"><span>The dissolution of a GmbH is generally governed by the grounds for dissolution set out in Section 60(1) GmbHG. One possible approach would be dissolution of the company pursuant to Section 60(1) no. 1 GmbHG upon expiry of a period specified in the articles of association, provided that the articles contain a corresponding provision\u2014for example, the death of a shareholder as a ground for dissolution (<\/span><em><span>Lindow<\/span><\/em><span>, in: BeckOGK, May 1, 2024, GmbHG, Section 3 para. 153).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div type=\"empty-line\" data-hook=\"rcv-block8\"><\/div>\n<div data-breakout=\"normal\">\n<p class=\"I0kxX k6as0 _4uDy1 _1JW6K\" dir=\"auto\" id=\"viewer-5ew086864\"><span class=\"HXJuz _4uDy1\"><span>Such a provision is recognised by case law and legal literature, as the date of dissolution of the company is sufficiently determinable (see BayObLGZ 1974, 479 [482]; <\/span><em><span>Kleindiek<\/span><\/em><span>, in: Lutter\/Hommelhoff, GmbH Act, 21st ed. 2023, Section 60 para. 2). The prerequisite is that the relevant clause in the articles of association is clearly worded and that the shareholders\u2019 intention is clearly expressed in order to avoid legal uncertainties.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div type=\"paragraph\" data-hook=\"rcv-block9\"><\/div>\n<div data-breakout=\"normal\">\n<div class=\"I0kxX k6as0 _4uDy1 _1JW6K\" dir=\"auto\" id=\"viewer-epvp0\"><span class=\"HXJuz _4uDy1\"> <\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div type=\"empty-line\" data-hook=\"rcv-block10\"><\/div>\n<div data-breakout=\"normal\">\n<p class=\"I0kxX k6as0 _4uDy1 _1JW6K\" dir=\"auto\" id=\"viewer-kkl66574\"><span class=\"HXJuz _4uDy1\"><strong><span>Dissolution resolution<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-breakout=\"normal\">\n<p class=\"I0kxX k6as0 _4uDy1 _1JW6K\" dir=\"auto\" id=\"viewer-bifgh\"><span class=\"HXJuz _4uDy1\"><span>If the articles of association do not contain a corresponding provision, the company may also be dissolved by a dissolution resolution pursuant to Section 60(1) no. 2 GmbHG. As a rule, a dissolution resolution does not constitute an amendment to the articles of association and therefore does not require notarial certification in order to be effective (<\/span><em><span>Kleindiek<\/span><\/em><span>, in: Lutter\/Hommelhoff, GmbH Act, 21st ed. 2023, Section 60 para. 5).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-breakout=\"normal\">\n<p class=\"I0kxX k6as0 _4uDy1 _1JW6K\" dir=\"auto\" id=\"viewer-ciad08238\"><span class=\"HXJuz _4uDy1\"><span>An exception applies, however, if the interpretation allows for different readings or if the articles of association stipulate a minimum term of the company and this is changed by the dissolution resolution. In that case, a shareholders\u2019 resolution amending the articles of association would be required, which is subject to the requirements of Section 53 GmbHG. These include a qualified majority of three quarters of the votes cast and notarial certification of the resolution (<\/span><em><span>Kleindiek<\/span><\/em><span>, in: Lutter\/Hommelhoff, GmbH Act, 21st ed. 2023, Section 60 para. 5).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div type=\"paragraph\" data-hook=\"rcv-block14\"><\/div>\n<div data-breakout=\"normal\">\n<div class=\"I0kxX k6as0 _4uDy1 _1JW6K\" dir=\"auto\" id=\"viewer-w4oyj8316\"><span class=\"HXJuz _4uDy1\"> <\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div type=\"empty-line\" data-hook=\"rcv-block15\"><\/div>\n<div data-breakout=\"normal\">\n<p class=\"I0kxX k6as0 _4uDy1 _1JW6K\" dir=\"auto\" id=\"viewer-874yc663\"><span class=\"HXJuz _4uDy1\"><strong><span>Dissolution resolution subject to a suspensive condition upon a shareholder\u2019s death?<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-breakout=\"normal\">\n<p class=\"I0kxX k6as0 _4uDy1 _1JW6K\" dir=\"auto\" id=\"viewer-hwyci782\"><span class=\"HXJuz _4uDy1\"><span>The dissolution of a GmbH may be resolved either subject to a suspensive (not resolutory!) condition or for a fixed term (<\/span><em><span>Kleindiek<\/span><\/em><span>, in: Lutter\/Hommelhoff, GmbH Act, 21st ed. 2023, Section 60 para. 5). In such a case, it must be examined in each individual case whether the resolution actually aims at dissolving the company or whether it merely seeks to give the company a fixed term (<\/span><em><span>Kleindiek<\/span><\/em><span>, in: Lutter\/Hommelhoff, GmbH Act, 21st ed. 2023, Section 60 para. 5).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-breakout=\"normal\">\n<p class=\"I0kxX k6as0 _4uDy1 _1JW6K\" dir=\"auto\" id=\"viewer-qoalv9367\"><span class=\"HXJuz _4uDy1\"><span>Only if the actual dissolution of the company is intended can Section 60(1) no. 2 GmbHG apply. Otherwise, it constitutes a limitation of the company\u2019s term within the meaning of Section 3(2) GmbHG, which requires a formal amendment to the articles of association (   <\/span><em><span>Kleindiek<\/span><\/em><span>, in: Lutter\/Hommelhoff, GmbH Act, 21st ed. 2023, Section 60 para. 5). If the wording does not directly aim at dissolving the company, but rather the interpretation of the wording suggests a time limitation (\"end\", \"until\", etc.), this indicates an amendment to the articles of association.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-breakout=\"normal\">\n<p class=\"I0kxX k6as0 _4uDy1 _1JW6K\" dir=\"auto\" id=\"viewer-hc22i9369\"><span class=\"HXJuz _4uDy1\"><span>The distinction is not always straightforward. An important criterion for delineation is the temporal proximity of the resolved dissolution date. The closer this date is (e.g., within a financial year), the more likely it is to be a mere dissolution resolution (RGZ 145, 99 [101];    <\/span><em><span>Scheller<\/span><\/em><span>, in: Scholz, GmbH Act, Commentary, 12th ed. 2021, Section 60 para. 23). A different view was still taken by the Reichsgericht in RGZ 65, 264, 267: it argued that any deviation from the otherwise immediate effect of dissolution must always be classified as an amendment to the articles of association. As a rule, and in the absence of specific other connecting factors, it will likely be assumed that a shareholder\u2019s death will not occur in the foreseeable future.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-breakout=\"normal\">\n<p class=\"I0kxX k6as0 VgR8W _1JW6K\" dir=\"auto\" id=\"viewer-31ise469\"><span class=\"HXJuz\"><strong><span>Conclusion<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-breakout=\"normal\">\n<p class=\"I0kxX k6as0 _4uDy1 _1JW6K\" dir=\"auto\" id=\"viewer-kih9q472\"><span class=\"HXJuz _4uDy1\"><span>Interpreting and legally classifying a GmbH dissolution resolution subject to a suspensive condition tied to a shareholder\u2019s death can be difficult. There are strong arguments, and the imperative of the most legally secure approach, in favour of classifying such a resolution as a shareholders\u2019 resolution amending the articles of association, which would therefore have to meet the requirements of Section 53 GmbHG. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-breakout=\"normal\">\n<p class=\"I0kxX k6as0 _4uDy1 _1JW6K\" dir=\"auto\" id=\"viewer-7vqkn33863\"><span class=\"HXJuz _4uDy1\"><span>The\u2014so far as can be seen\u2014scarcely existing case law on this issue gives reason to exercise particular caution in practice. The practical implementation of such provisions should therefore be carefully reviewed in order to meet both civil-law and corporate-law requirements. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The dissolution of a GmbH by a shareholders\u2019 resolution that is tied to the date of a shareholder\u2019s death, &#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":5468,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[881,880],"tags":[1386,908,1388,1392,1397,1375,1387,1377,995,1382,1383,1384,1394,1396,1031,1189,1393,1374,1378,1380,1395,1376,1389,1379,1385,1391,1390,1381],"class_list":["post-5467","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-corporate-law","category-knowledge","tag-60-gmbhg","tag-articles-of-association","tag-articlesofassociationamendment","tag-articlesofassociationprovision","tag-cautioninpractice","tag-companydissolution","tag-companyterm","tag-conditionortimelimit","tag-corporate-law","tag-dissolutiongmbh","tag-dissolutionresolution","tag-gmbhact","tag-gmbhlaw","tag-groundsfordissolution","tag-legal-advice","tag-legal-certainty","tag-legalanalysis","tag-legalexpertise","tag-legalinterpretation","tag-legalissues","tag-legalliterature","tag-legalposition","tag-legaluncertainties","tag-notarialcertification","tag-ownermanagedgmbh","tag-righttodissolve","tag-shareholderdeath","tag-shareholdersresolution"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.7 - 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Ferner betreut sie Private Clients im Zusammenhang mit internationalen rechtlichen Strukturen, insbesondere bei deren gesellschaftsrechtlichen Planung, Errichtung und Aufl\u00f6sung. Dar\u00fcber hinaus unterst\u00fctzt sie Unternehmen und Finanzinvestoren bei der Durchf\u00fchrung von Ankaufspr\u00fcfungen und der effizienten Steuerung von M&amp;A-Transaktionen und komplexen grenz\u00fcberschreitenden Projekten und vertritt ihre Mandanten bei gesellschaftsrechtlichen Streitigkeiten vor Gericht. Vor ihrer T\u00e4tigkeit bei GxG Legal hat Lara ihre juristische Erfahrung in f\u00fchrenden Kanzleien in Frankfurt am Main erworben. Lara sammelte internationale Praxiserfahrung im Rahmen eines Secondments in Dubai, VAE. 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